1. The linguistic system
Language represents just one of the ways in which we as human can behave that is to say can perform behavioral act. We frequently behave partly with the assistance of language, as for example when we greet someone by shaking hands at the same time as saying Hello, Jill, pleased to meet you or when we offer to help with the washing up by asking “can I give you a hand? Whenever language is involved, we are dealing with the verbal behavior.
In systematic linguistics the grammar or linguistic system of a language itself is seen as comprising three levels or strata. The semantic stratum, the lexicogrammatical stratum and the phonological stratum.
2. Context of situation
Originally based on the thesis that language varies with situation and therefore that a certain kind of language is appropriate to a certain use; register was defined as the variety of language used in a particular situational context. Register is traditionally in systematic grammar, studied in terms of 3 parameters: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.
The field of discourse is concerned with the subject matter of the text what the text is about, e.g. choral music, car maintenance, interior decorating, gardening, meteorology. It thus seeks to identify the participants or thing involved, the actions and events taking place, and any relevant surrounding circumstances. Such as time, location, manner, purpose, etc.
The tenor discourse is concerned with the social status and role of the various participants and the relationship between them in the situation. This will be reflected in the degree of formality or familiarity in the wording of the text.
The mode of discourse is concerned with the language medium through which the text you expressed.
3. Language function and the semantic stratum
Systemic grammar news language as a social activity taking place within a situational context and fulfilling a number of different functions.
Ideational function
Reflecting the field parameter of register, the ideational function of language is concerned the communication and interlinking of ideas and may itself broken down into experiential and logical function.
Interpersonal function
The interpersonal function mirrors the tenor parameter of register and it is evidenced in 2 main ways: through verbal interaction and exchanges with the others and through personal mediation/modulation of the main idea.
Textual function
It means to create texts as opposed to merely isolated and disconnected sentences. It is the coherence and message cohesion to arrange it as units of information and to avoid unwanted redundancy.
The semantic stratum
The meaning structure associated with each of the different language functions above is technically accounted for by the semantic components of the grammar.
4. The systematic orientation
A language is seen as being a huge integrated series of systems network of meaning potential. This represents the generative potential of the language and it is the task of grammar to specify this total grid of options available to a speaker. The situational context provides the semiotic parameters and constraints, including the interactional purpose of what the speaker is doing behaviourally in using the language.
The grammatical framework
a. The nature of lexicogrammar
Lexicogrammar in systematic linguistic is the stratum which handles the wording of a text. It is the level at which the various patterns of semantic structure are realized in word form and it is concerned with the classes of grammatical unit and the relationships which may be established between them. For example, the meaning contrast between the following related sentences:
“I’ll give John the map, I’ll give the map to Jhon.
Shall I give John the map? Give Jhon the map.
b. Units and the rank scale
Syntactic structure in systemic grammar is traditionally based around five formal units: sentence, clause, group, word, and morpheme.
A unit is defined as a stretch of language which itself carries grammatical patterns of which operates in grammatical patterns.
The sentence is seen as the largest of the four units carrying grammatical patterns, sentence, clause, phrase, and word.
The morpheme is the smallest of the four units operating in grammatical patterns.
c. Sentence, clause, phrase, word, and the morpheme.
A sentence is a textual unit which it has been convenient to adopt as the largest grammatical unit for the purposes of syntactic analysis.
A clause expresses a single proposition. Grammatically, it consists of one or more phrases. e.g. I have read the book.
A phrase expresses one or more the elements of proposition. e.g. the famous talk show host.
The word is the basic unit of syntax.
The morpheme is the smallest unit of grammatical form and the meaning through. In traditional grammar a distinction is often made between morph and morpheme.
d. Unit complex and complex unit.
Unit complex may be explained as a coherent grouping or configuration of two or more units (a complex of units) from the same rank. For example, 25 in the brilliant student.
A clause complex comprises more than one clause unit. A phrase complex involves more than one phrase unit. A word complex is more than one word unit and can form a phrase. A morpheme complex is more than one. Morpheme unit normally in forms word.
Introduction to systemic functional framework
a. The linguistic system
v When we greet someone by shaking hands at the same time as saying hi Brenda, nice to meet you
v When we offer to help, we say can I help you?
b. Context of situation
Field of discourse
v Boil the water, please
v Plant that flower in the garden
Tenor of discourse
v Could you give me a drink, please?
v Would you like to give me the money?
Mode of discourse
(Offer of service) A: another please!
(Request) B: could you tell me where the swimming pool is?
(Question) A: how do you like to go there?
(Response) B: walk pass the library and turn left
(Thanks) A: thank you
c. Language functions and the semantic stratum
v Ideational function
Maria read the book in her home. It can be said to be:
Person: Maria
+ Action = read (past)
+ Object = the book
+ Location= in her home
v Coordination
e.g. Maria and Ani swam in the Unimed’s swimming pool yesterday.
The semantic stratum
Ø Ideational
Sari must buy the English grammar’s book from Gramedia because her teacher asked her to buy there.
Ø Interpersonal
Giving information: must
Ø Textual
The Selection of Sari as first element of sentence.
The referential (anaphoric): use of She in main clause.
The referential (anaphoric): use of her in subordinate clause.
d. The systemic orientation
1) Friska will clean the house.
2) Will Friska clean the house?
3) What will Friska clean?
4) Have Friska cleaned this house or this?
5) Clean the house.
6) Friska clean the house.
7) Do clean it.
8) Can Friska clean it?
9) Let’s clean the house.
10) What about cleaning the house?
Grammatical framework
a. The nature of the lexicogrammar
§ I’ll make Farel a cake; I’ll make a cake for Farel.
Shall I make Farel a cake? ; give Farel a cake!
I have been made a cake; a cake has been made for Farel.
§ My mother will plant a rose in the garden.
Shall my mother plant a rose in the garden; plant a rose in the garden.
My mother has been planted a rose in the garden; a rose has been planted in the garden.
b. Units and the rank scales
c. Sentence, clause, phrase, word, morpheme.
Sentence
· My sister went to the library yesterday.
· My father reads the newspaper.
Clause
· I made this cake 5 hours ago.
· I am washing my clothes in the bathroom.
Phrase
· I saw a beautiful woman in my sister’s party yesterday.
· I have never seen the big wedding’s ceremony like my sister’s party before.
Word
· Flower
· Book
· Table
· Chair
· In the library
Morpheme
· Unluckily; compare luck, lucky, unlucky.
· Worker contains two morphemes 'work' and '-er'.
· Pianist contains two morphemes ‘piano’ and ‘ist’
d. Unit complex and complex unit.
Clause complex
ü He became sick the day and cannot come to the school before he was to leave for his vacation.
ü My mother saved her money and locked the door before she went out door since a man tried to steal my mother’s jewelry.
Phrases complex
ü By his money that he got, he showed his goodness to beggar.
ü By reading a modern English book by Marcella Frank, we will get more knowledge.
Word complex
ü Mr.John is a rich man
ü She is a kind woman
Morpheme complex
ü He is a good pianist I’ve ever seen.
ü He shows his kindness to everybody.
Complex morpheme
ü My friend asks me to accompany her to party, but I cannot.
ü My mother agreed with my father’s opinion about Barrack obama, but I didn’t agree.
Complex phrase
ü The worst news about Marry.
ü The sweetest name I’ve ever heard.
Complex word
ü Unacceptable
ü Disqualification
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